UC-NRLF 


mCMBNTCD  »Y  THE 
SOUTHERN  PACIFIC  COMPANY 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 


PRESENTED  BY 

PROF.  CHARLES  A.  KOFOID  AND 
MRS.  PRUDENCE  W.  KOFOID 


(Of 


A  BRIEF   REVIEW 


OF  ITS 


RESOURCES,  DEVELOPMENT 

INDUSTRIES,  SOIL 

CLIMATE 


AND  ESPECIALLY  ITS 


Advantages  for  Homemaking 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE 

PASSENGER  DEPARTMENT 

]  SOUTHERN  PACIFIC  COMPANY 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 
1900 


III 


^p^  I  •     \ 


r 


pi- 


THE 

NEW 

ARIZONA* 


AVENUE  SCENE,    TEMPE. 


IRRIGATING  CANAL  NEAR   PHCFNIX. 

In  the  southeast,  on  the  contrary,  the  mighty  ranges  of 
the  north  reappear,  but  without  their  native  savagery. 
For  the  ranges  of  the  Santa  Catalinas,  the  Santa  Ritas, 
the  Huachucas,  and  others  are  wooded  and  watered  and 
valleyed  in  green. 

WHAT  CAN  YOU  DO  IN  ARIZONA? 

The  message  contained  in  this  pamphlet  is  not  written 
in  a  reckless  spirit,  with  the  purpose  only  of  inducing  any 
and  everybody  to  come  to  Arizona.  On  the  contrary,  it 
is  a  thoughtful  message  addressed  to  thoughtful  men.  If 
you  are  poor,  with  only  your  two  hands  to  serve  you, 
there  are  many  other  places  that  will  repay  manual  labor 
better  than  Arizona.  But  if  you  have  a  little  money,  or, 
better  still,  a  great  deal,  there  are  few  countries  that  have 
within  themselves  the  power  to  respond  so  quickly,  surely 
and  generously  to  well-directed  efforts. 

Arizona  is  not  a  "  Tom  Tiddler's  ground,"  where  you 
can  get  rich  doing  nothing.  But  help  to  develop  its 
natural  resources  and  it  will  repay  your  labor  certainly 
ten,  maybe  a  hundred,  possibly  a  thousand  fold.  Who 
can  tell?  Much  depends  upon  yourself.  And  the  very 
first  question  to  be  considered  is:  What  can  you  do  in 
Arizona?  What  possibilities  does  it  offer  of  which  you, 
personally,  can  avail  yourself. 

Then  it  offers  you  a  great  deal  for  a 

ARE  YOU      comparatively    small    outlay.     The    chief 

signal  officer,  in  a  report  on  the  climate 

A  of  Arizona,   with  particular  reference  to 

FA"Piurerp  >     tne  question  of  irrigation  (1891),  says  of 

fAKMUK.      p.la  and  Salt  River  valleys:     "Rich  as 

is  the  Arizona  soil,  it  is  always  a  disap- 
pointment to  the  farmer  who  views  it  with  the  preju- 
dices born  of  familiarity  with  the  deep,  rich  loam  of 
the  prairies.  At  first  sight  he  can  compare  it  with 
nothing  but  the  sand  of  the  sea  beach:  that  it  could  be 
made  to  bear  a  scanty  crop  of  some  hardy  grass  is  almost 
beyond  his  comprehension;  that  it  does  bear  enormous 
harvests  of  grain,  that  it  is  the  rival  of  every  vine-growing 
country  in  the  world,  that  its  orchards  are  beyond  rivalry, 


are  facts  which  have  to  conquer  belief  in  his  unwilling 
mind." 

Furthermore,  the  special  committee  of  the  United 
States  Senate,  report  298,  part  i,  May  5,  1890,  page  60, 
says:  "  Within  our  borders  there  cannot  be  found  a  soil 
so  uniformly  fertile  and  so  capable  of  varied  production, 
under -irrigation,  as  that  of  the  Gila,  Salt  and  Santa  Cruz 
rivers  in  central  and  southern  Arizona.  Analysis  of  this 
soil  shows  its  fertile  qualities  to  be  superior  to  that  of  the 
Nile  earth." 

And  so  the  secret  of  the  marvel  is  the  artificial  applica- 
tion of  water  to  a  wonderful  soil.  We  say  "  wonderful  " 
advisedly,  for  out  of  it  grows  everything  that  has  leaves, 
and  a  good  many  things  that  have  not. 

Arizona's  reputation  for  mineral 

AT?_,  vnTT  wealth  is  well  established.     So  high 

an  authority  as  Baron  Von  Hum- 

A  boldt,    himself,    predicted    that   the 

MINING  MAN  >       wealth   of  the  world   would  yet  be 
MlNlJNLrMAJN.       found  in  this  region.     And  was  not 

the   largest   silver   "  nugget "    ever 

taken  from  the  earth  brought  to  light  in  Arizona?  It 
weighed  2,700  pounds.  Unfortunately  for  the  Spanish 
adventurers  who  found  it,  it  was  so  very  large  that  his 
wise  and  canny  majesty  of  Spain  declared  it  a  "  curi- 
osity," and  so,  by  the  terms  of  the  charter,  took  it  him- 
self. Silver  is  as  plentiful  to-day  in  Arizona  as  it 
was  then,  being  unearthed  in  its  pure  state  and  in 
combination  with  many  base  metals.  In  both  conditions 
it  has  provided  more  queer  and  beautiful  cabinet  specimens 
than  any  other  country.  That  the  present  low  price  of 
silver  does  not  make  it  profitable  to  work  some  of  these 
argentiferous  mines,  is  another  matter. 

As  for  gold,  that  is  always  valuable,  and,  while  it  is  not 
as  plentiful  as  silver,  it  has  been  revealed  in  great  quanti- 
ties, both  in  its  free  state  and  in  its  matrix  of  quartz,  and 
in  combination  with  sulphur,  lead,  antimony,  copper  and 
other  minerals.  It  is  not  so  long  ago  that  the  discoverers 


i  i  I 


HALVERTON  MINE. 


of  the  placer  deposits  of  Antelope  Peak  took  one-half  mil- 
lion of  dollars  in  gold  from  less  than  one  acre  of  ground, 
while  the  quartz  mines  are  paying  more  steadily,  if  not  so 
royally. 

Copper  of  a  very  high  grade  is  found  in  large  amounts. 

The  total  output  of  these  three  metals  during  the  last 
seventeen  years  amounts  to  $95,000,000.  In  fact  the  whole 
country  is  a  vast  mineral  treasure  house,  veined  with  gold, 
silver,  copper,  iron,  lead  and  almost  every  other  metal. 
From  the  geological  formation  of  Arizona  and  a  part  of 
New  Mexico,  it  would  appear  that  some  volcanic  upheaval 
had  thrown  all  the  minerals  together  in  a  heap,  for  they 
do  not  follow  the  usual  well-established  methods  of  such 
deposits  in  other  States  and  Territories,  and  until  you 
strike  your  pick  in  the  ground  you  scarcely  know  what 
kind  of  a  mine  you  are  going  to  have.  Mining  discov- 
eries and  developments  during  1898  increased  values  more 
than  twenty  millions  of  dollars — the  beginning  only  of  a 
richer  future. 

Large  tracts   of  grass   land   that 

A-p-p.  VOTT  will  provide  feed  twelve  months  in 

the  year,  water,  and  a  mild  climate 

A  are  what  stockmen  require.     If  they 

cTnr-irD  A  TCT70  :>     get.  the    more    important    of   these 
5TOCKRAISHR?     advantages    only<    they    may    con. 

gratulate  themselves.  At  one  time 

certain  portions  of  Arizona  offered  all  of  them,  and  cat- 
tle owners  were  not  slow  in  availing  themselves  of 
the  offer.  In  many  places  the  winter  is  free  froin 
extreme  cold  and  violent  storms,  and  rarely  is  a 
day  lost  from  inclemency  of  the  weather,  while  the  sum- 
mer's only  danger  is  an  occasional  drought.  In  the  rainy 
season  plains  and  foothills  turn  green  with  surprising 
readiness  at  the  magic  touch  of  the  falling  waters,  and  the 
cattle  crop  the  juicy  grasses,  grow  fat,  and  are  thankful. 
And  when  the  long  season  of  cloudless  sky  follows,  and  all 
green  things  die.  as  all  srreen  things  that  rely  solely  on  the 
super-bountiful,  but  infrequent,  rains,  must  in  Arizona,  the 
uncut  grass  turns  to  hav  upon  the  ground,  so  that  the 
breeder  is  saved  the  trouble  of  cutting,  curing  and  storing 
his  hay.  and  has  all  out  doors  for  a  barn. 

In  addition  to  these  range  grasses,  which  in  places  cover 
the  ground  so  luxuriantly  after  the  first  rain,  there  are 
several  kinds  of  perennial  grasses  which  remain  more  or 
less  green  throughout  the  year.  Ranchmen  call  these 
"  spear  grass/'  "deer  grass,"  "  gietta,"  and  black  and 
white  "  eramma."  Then  there  are  certain  small  trees, 
such  as  the  mesquite,  palo  verde,  and  others  which  cattle 
are  fond  of  browsing.  This  great  variety  of  feed  and  the 
mild  weather  insures  a  rapid  increase  in  the  herd.  Indeed, 
when  feed  and  water  are  plentiful,  an  increase  of  eighty- 
five  per  cent  is  not  unusual. 

But.  as  has  been  intimated,  the  picture  has  a  reverse 
side,  for  running  water  is  frequently  scarce  on  the  big 
ranges,  the  rainy  seasons  are  capricious  and  cattle  have  to 
travel  long  distances  to  water,  to  diminution  of  their  in- 
crease and  their  weight.  The  best  ranges,  moreover,  are 
apt  to  become  crowded  and  usuallv  are,  and  in  "off  years" 
cattle  have  to  be  shipne'd  out  of  the  territory  at  a  loss,  to 
avoid  a  worse  fate.  That  these  evils  were  not  irremedi- 
able, however,  and  that  cattle  can  be  raised  with  a  steady 
orofit.  has  been  recentlv  nroved  bv  the  immense  advance 


POSSIBILITIES 
FOR 

MANUFACTURERS. 


of  irrigation  and  the  enormous  acreage  that  has  been  put 
into  alfalfa  for  pasturage,  a  subject  that  is  treated  at 
greater  length  elsewhere. 

Arizona  offers  considerable 
water  power  and  an  abundance 
of  raw  material  capable  of 
being  wrought  into  useful 
shape.  An  enterprising  man 
with  capital  will  be  embar- 
rassed where  to  choose.  For 
instance,  it  is  roughly  estimated  that  there  are  20,000 
square  miles  of  timbered  land  in  Arizona.  The  Mogollon 
forest  alone  is  about  200  miles  long  and  60  miles  broad, 
forming  a  belt  of  magnificent  pine  timber  nearly  as  large 
as  the  State  of  Maryland.  In  fact,  there  are  hundreds  of 
millions  of  feet  of  marketable  lumber,  some  of  it  accessi- 
ble to  railroads  and  a  good  deal  of  it,  of  course,  that  is 
not. 

Thousands  of  hides  are  annually  shipped  from  Arizona 
and  brought  back  again  in  the  form  of  saddlery,  boots  and 
shoes.  The  territory  is  rich  in  tanning  material  in  the 
shape  of  barks,  shrubs  and  canaigre,  the  latter  growing  wild 
and  also  under  cultivation.  Why  should  not  this  wealth  ot 
material  be  manufactured  at  home  ? 

Millions  of  pounds  of  a  superior  quality  of  wool  are  also 
sent  out  of  the  country  every  year,  to  be  made  up  into 
woolen  fabrics,  while  many  of  the  rivers  flow  in  idleness. 
Paper,  rope  and  mats  can  be  made  from  the  agave  and 
the  amole — native  Arizona  plants.  Indeed,  the  texture  and 
finish  of  papers  made  from  these  fibres  are  excellent. 
They  ought,  and  no  doubt  will,  some  day,  supplant  wood 
pulp  and  other  cheap  substitutes  for  rags.  These  shrubs 
are  found  growing  in  every  valley  and  on  every  mesa  and 
hillside,  so  that  there  is  quite  enough  for  all  the  paper 
manufacturers  who  read  these  lines. 
The  making  of  soaps,  candles,  matches  and  straw  goods, 


MAP  OF  SALT  AND  GILA  VALLEYS,  SHOWING  SOUTHERN  PACIFIC 
COMPANY'S  CONNECTIONS, 


beef  and  pork  packing,  fruit  and  vegetable  canning,  and  a 
dozen  other  industries  are  practicable.  In  Phoenix,  a 
town  of  i2-,ooo  inhabitants,  there  are  ice-factories,  planing- 
mills,  iron-foundries,  machine-shops,  cigar-factories,  bee- 
hive and  fruit  box  factories  and  canneries,  already  in 
operation. 

SALT  RIVER  VALLEY. 

This  lovely  valley  has  already  been  referred  to.  In- 
deed, the  temptation  to  tell  about  it  has  been  so  great  that 
it  required  considerable  self-denial  not  to  begin  with  it. 
Like  the  good  village  schoolmaster  who,  when  he 
"  shows  off  "  his  school  before  visitors,  proudly  calls  upon 
his  best  and  favorite  pupils,  so  the  chronicler  of  Arizona 
finds  himself  constantly  referring  to  Salt  River  Valley. 
Perhaps  it  is  because  this  region  appeals  to  the  heart  as 
well  as  to  the  purse.  For,  if  "  all  the  world  loves  a  lover," 
all  the  world  loves  a  home,  and  Salt  River  Valley  is  the 
land  of  pleasant  homes. 

It   is   in   Maricopa   County,   in 

ITS  Southern     Arizona,     in     latitude 

cT-TTTA-rT^RT  33^     degrees     N.     It    comprises 

SITUATION  the  land  lying  on  either  side  of 

AND  tne  Salt  River  between  the  Verde 

QTTOwruTMrmMrQ       and   Gila'     The  valley  Pr°Per  is 
SURROUNDINGS.      about  fifty  miles  long  ^nd  aver- 
ages fifteen  miles  in  width.     To 

the  east  are  the  Superstition  Mountains,  to  the  south  the 
Estrella  Range,  to  the  west  are  the  White  Tank  Moun- 
tains, .and  on  the  north  the  Phoenix  Hills.  There  are 
about  750  square  miles,  or  about  480,000  acres  of  irrigable 
land  in  the  Valley.  Having  thus  given  its  length  and 
breadth  it  seems  natural  to  give  its  thickness,  for  it  has  a 
thickness — the  thickness  of  the  soil, — which  is  a  deposit 
varying  in  depth  from  ten  to  fifty  feet. 

In    regions    like    the    Gila 

^-rTT-p.  «OTT  and  the  Salt  River  Valleys  it 

may  be  said  that  the  soil  is 

AND  not  indigenous.    It  being  one 

wrvw7  TT  rrvr1  T-MTTOTP     °f  the  remarkable  features  of 
HOW  IT  GOT  THERE.  thjs  remarkable  country   and 

one  which  it  shares  with  the 

valley  of  the  Egyptian  Nile,  that  its  soil  has  been,  and  is 
being,  brought  to  it  from  other  regions. 

General  Greely,  in  his  report  previously  referred  to, 
says  of  this  matter:  "  This  is  a  land  of  inland*  seas  in 
recent  geologic  times.  Their  beaches  and  shoals  have 
been  laid  down  at  several  altitudes  to  serve  as  foundation 
for  later  effects  of  soil-making. 

"  The  Salt  and  Gila  flow  down  through  the  mountains 
with  a  fall  of  4,000  feet  in  500  miles;  when  they  reach  the 
plain  they  fall  but  six  inches  to  the  mile,  their  suspended 
material  is  deposited  along  this  portion  of  their  course  *  * 
The  worth  of  such  a  soil  is  a  matter  dependent  on  the 
characteristics  of  mountain  districts  hundreds  of  miles 
away,  and  in  this  case  no  fault  can  be  found,  for  the  moun- 
tains are  rich  in  desirable  soil  constituents,  and  this 
wealth  is  brought  to  the  plain  in  the  most  finely  sub- 
divided form,  and  thus  in  the  best  shape  for  the  purposes 
of  agriculture." 


10 

Statistics  under  torture,   may  be  made 

ITS  to   Prove   almost   anything;    nevertheless, 

one  can  always  gain  some  sort  of  infor- 

CLIMATE.      mation    from   them.     The    United    States 

Signal  Service  reports  from  1877  to  1887 

show  the  average  temperature  of  spring  to  be  70.5  degrees, 

of  summer,  89.3  degrees,  of  autumn,  73.1  degrees,  and  of 

winter,  56.1  degrees.     The  highest  reached  in  that  period 

was  115.5  and  the  lowest  22.5  degrees.     While  the  regis- 

tering of  115   degrees  of  heat  may  seem  alarming  to   a 

person  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  it  must  be  remem- 

bered that  the  figures  do  not  carry  the  same  meaning  as 

in  New  York  or  St.  Louis.     The  atmosphere  in  Arizona  is 

so  entirely  devoid  of  moisture  that  115  degrees  is  more  en- 

durable than  85  degrees  in  either  of  those  cities. 

In  fact  the  heat  is  never  oppressive  here,  the  sweltering, 
"  muggy  "  days  of  the  Eastern  summer  being  unknown. 
.  In  the  sun's  rays,  of  course,  it  is  very  hot,  but  the  air, 
being  so  clear,  does  not  get  over-heated,  and  if  one  stays 
in  the  shade,  even  115  degrees  is  quite  endurable.  The 
nights  are  always  pleasant,  winter  and  summer.  The 
winter  climate  is  simply  delightful.  In  fact,  taken  alto- 
gether, the  climate  is  about  as  good  as  the  most  deserving 
person  could  ask. 

The   rainy   season   is,   of  course,   the 

THE  winter  of  Arizona,   and  usually  begins 

in    August.     The    average    rainfall    is 

RAINFALL.      5.27    inches.     The    rain    generally    falls 

for  a  day  or  two  at  a  time,  and  then  the 

sky  is  clear  perhaps  for  a  week  or  more,  and  these  inter- 

vals, when   Nature  is  washed  and  dressed  in  her  gayest 

colors,  are  charming.    Thunder  storms  are  unusual,*  being 

less  common  than  in  the  Eastern  States. 

Yes;  not  because  the  soil  is 

DOES  ALL  ARIZONA      hot    and    dry'    but    for    the 
DOHb  ALL  ARIZONA  rainf1j    is 


SOIL  REQUIRE  insufficient  and  too  capricious 

TOT3T/~  A*TTrusj:>  to  be  relied  upon.     Moreover 

IRRIGATION?  the  soil>  as  a]ready  explained 

is    very    porous    and    water 

sinks  through  it  rapidly,  therefore  it  requires  frequent  re- 
newal. This  very  porosity  is  one  of  the  reasons  of  its 
extraordinary  fertility,  for  the  capillary  structure  acts  like 
myriad  little  canals,  which  carry  the  enriching  chemical 
constituents  of  the  soil  to  the  roots  of  the  plant. 

It  is  not  too  extravagant  to  say  that 

METHODS       *n  Arizona  man  harvests  and  stores  his 

rainfall,  as  he  does  his  crops,  and  uses 

OF  it    when    he    needs    it.     After    all,    this 

IRRIGATION     seems  more  rational  than  to  leave  one's 

'    crops  to   chance,   to   walk  the   floor  at 

night  for  fear  it  will  rain,  or  for  fear  it 

won't,  to  have  your  neighbor  longing  for  rain  on  his  vege- 

table garden,  while  your  hay  is  yet  lying  in  the  field.     In 

Arizona  each  man,  as  it  were,  lets  the  rain  come  on  his 

farm  when  he  wants  it,  and  turns  it  off  when  he  has  had 

enough.     Certain  other  men  have  made  a  business  of  stor- 

ing and  selling  water  to  the  farmers,   such  corporations 

being  known  as  canal  companies. 

In  most  countries  the  land  requires  preparation  for  irri- 
gation^  by  working  and  leveling.  In  Salt  River  Valley 
there  is  no  natural  sod  to  break  up,  and  the  ground  is 


12 

already  nearly  level,  having  only  a  slight  inclination  to  the 
west  and  south,  just  enough  to  carry  the  water,  so  that  no 
preparatory  expenditure  is  requisite.  This  important  ad- 
vantage will  be  better  appreciated  when  it  is  understood 
that  in  some  less  favored  places  it  costs  as  much  as  forty 
dollars  an  acre  to  fit  the  land  for  irrigation.  The  only 
treatment  the  soil  or  the  crop  requires  is  thorough  and 
frequent  tilling.  No  fertilizing  is  necessary. 

The  canal  company  obtain  the  water  for  irrigating  by 
diverting  the  flow  from  Salt  River  below  the  junction  of 
the  Verde  by  means  of  dams.  Thence  it  is  conveyed  to 
the  cultivated  tracts  by  canals  and  distributed  by  small 
ditches,  or  "  laterals."  When  a  farmer  wants  to  conduct 
water  to  a  certain  field  he  simply  lifts  the  head  gate  of  his 
ditch.  All  distributing  or  lateral  canals  run  upon  section 
or  quarter  section  lines.  By  this  plan  stock  has  the  benefit 
of  a  living  stream  of  water,  while  the  custom  of  planting 
trees  along  the  water  way  makes  these  canals  serve  as 
ornamental  boundaries.  Water  rights  cost  about  fifteen 
dollars  per  acre,  and  the  yearly  tax  for  use  after  the  right 
has  been  purchased  is  one  dollar  and  twenty-five  cents 
per  acre.  Out  of  this  latter  tax  the  canal  companies  bear 
all  expenses  for  repairs.  Water  for  domestic  use  is  ob- 
tained from  the  canals  and  from  artesian  wells. 


TWO-YEAR-OLD   FIG  SHHi^    ORCHARD. 


WHAT  THE  SOIL  PRODUCES* 

Salt  River  Valley  boasts  that  its  soil  produces  every- 
thing, and  a  great  deal  of  it.  Of  some  things  they  produce 
two  or  more  crops  in  a  year,  and  when  a  man  produces 
two  crops  in  a  space  of  time  that  farmers  elsewhere  are 
glad  to  safely  house  one,  he  is  a  great  man.  There  is  Bible 
authority  for  it,  so  let  him  boast  It  is  much  pleasanter, 
certainly,  to  hear  a  farmer  boasting  of  the  fertility  of  his 
lands  than  complaining  of  their  scanty  yield. 

The    following    statement    taken    from    an 

SOME       Arizona  paper  of  recent  date  gives  a  list  of 
fresh  fruits  to  be  had    in    the    valley    from 

FRUIT.    March  to  December: 

Almonds,   December. 
Apples,  June  to  November,  inclusive. 
Apricots,  May  to  July,  inclusive. 
Blackberries,  May  to  August,  inclusive. 
Crab  Apples,  July  to  October,  inclusive. 
Pates,  November  to  December,  inclusive. 


13 

Figs,  May  to  October,  inclusive. 

Grapes,  June  to  December,  inclusive. 

Lemons,  November  to  December,  inclusive. 

Nectarines,  June  to  August,  inclusive. 

Oranges,  November  to  December,  inclusive. 

Peaches,  May  to  September,  inclusive. 

Pears  (Winter  Nellis),  June  to  December,  inclusive. 

Plums,  June  to  November,  inclusive. 

Pomegranates,  August  to  September,  inclusive. 

Strawberries,  March  to  December,  inclusive. 

Watermelons,  June  to  December,  inclusive. 

COST  AND  PROFIT. 

While  all  this  sounds  tempting  enough,  the  practical 
question  immediately  arises:  What  money  is  there  in  it? 
This  is  a  rather  difficult  question  to  answer  conscien- 
tiously, because  the  cost  of  production  differs  with  differ- 
ent men — some  managing  better  than  others — and  the 
market  price  varies  from  season  to  season.  The  price  of 
land^  is  low,  considering  its  advantages.  Unimproved 
tracts  of  20,  40,  or  60  acres,  with  water  right  that  costs 
$15  an  acre,  and  frequently  with  roads  or  avenues  around 
them,  can  be  had  from  $30  to  $75  per  acre.  The  difference 
in  price  is  due,  as  a  general  thing,  to  the  distance  the  land 
is  located  from  a  town  center,  or  shipping  point,  and  not 
to  the  quality  of  the  soil.  Improved  farm  property  with 
water  can  be  bought  for  $50  an  acre  and  upwards. 

Fruits    raised    in    the    valley    are 

THE  MARKET,      partly  consumed  at  home  and  part- 
ly exported.     The  home  market  is 

good,  as  there  are  a  great  many  mining  camps  and  stock 
ranches,  besides  the  towns  and  villages,  which  depend  on 
the  Salt  River  vicinity  for  their  supplies.  The  surplus  is 
shipped  by  rail  to  all  parts  of  the  Territory,  and  is  also 
packed  in  refrigerator  cars  and  sent  East  as  far  as  Chi- 
cago, where  it  successfully  competes  with  California  fruit 
A  great  deal  of  fruit  is  also  dried  and  canned  for  the  local 
and  Eastern  trade. 

The    following    estimate    of    the 

^  cost  of  purchasing  and  planting  a 

twenty-acre  tract  is  quoted  from  a 

TWENTY-ACRE    pamphlet  issued  by  a  well-informed 

TRACT  firm   of  Tempe,   a  picturesque  and 

prosperous  little  town  in  the  Salt 

River    Valley:      "Cost    of    twenty 

acres  of  land  at,  say,  $30  per  acre,  $600;  preparing  twenty 


RAISIN   PICKING  AND   DRYING  NEAR  PHGENIX. 


APRICOT   ORCHARD   NEAR   PHO2NIX. 

acres  of  fruit  land  for  fruit  —  plowing,  harrowing,  ditching, 
laying  off  land  for  planting,  digging  holes,  purchase  of 
trees  and  vines  for  tract,  planting  same,  care  thereof,  and 
cultivation  in  a  thorough  manner  for  first  year,  total  $500. 
Cash  required  for  first  payment  on  land,  about  $200;  set- 
ting out  and  caring  for  land  first  year,  say,  $500  —  making 
$700,  leaving  a  balance  due  of  $400,  bearing  eight  per  cent 
payable  in,  say,  three  years.  In  the  above  calculation  is 
included  about  eleven  acres  of  raisin  and  table  grapes,  six 
acres  assorted  fruits,  one-half  acre  oranges,  lemons,  limes, 
etc.,  one-half  acre  almonds  and  nuts,  one-half  acre  as- 
sorted tropical  fruits,  and  one  and  one-half  acres  reserved 
for  alfalfa,  garden  patch,  and  home  grounds.  The  cost  of 
cultivation  for  second  year  and  onward  is  from  $5  to  $15 
per  acre  —  whether  $5  or  more  is  left  entirely  to  the  owner, 
it  having  been  proven,  however,  by  experience,  that  the 
more  constant  the  cultivation  the  greater  the  growth  and 
yield  per  tree,  and  consequently  higher  in  proportion  is 
the  income  to  the  investment  each  year." 

"  In  making  the  estimates,"  continues  the 
authority  quoted,  in  his  discussion  of  the 
probable  yield  and  income  per  acre,  "  we 
have,  in  each  and  every  instance,  taken  the 
lowest  figures,  desiring  rather  to  under  than 
over  rate  the  returns  —  for  one  can  easily 
take  in  unexpected  profits,  while  he  is  at 
times  seriously  embarrassed  by  having  his  income  fall 
short  of  his  expectations." 

CALCULATION   BASED  UPON  TWENTY-ACRE  TRACT  —  SEVENTY- 

EIGHT    BEARING    TREES    PER    ACRE. 

APRICOTS. 

Third  year  in  orchard,  25  pounds  per  tree  equals  1,950 
pounds,  at  iy2  cents,  $28.25. 

Fourth  year  in  orchard,  50  pounds  per  tree  equals  3,900 
pounds,  at  il/2  cents,  $58.50. 

Fifth  year  in  orchard,  80  pounds  per  tree  equals  6,240 
pounds,  at  iT/2  cents,  $93.60. 

Sixth  year  in  orchard,  125  pounds  per  tree  equals  10,750 
pounds,  at  il/2  cents,  $161.25. 


YIELD 

AND 

INCOME. 


s  3,120 


PEACHES. 

Third  year  in  orchard,  40  pounds  per  tree  equal      , 
pounds,  at  i%  cents,  $39. 

Fourth  year  in  orchard,  75  pounds  per  tree  equals  5,850 
pounds,  at  iJ4  cents,  $73.12. 


15 


FRUIT  PACKING  NEAR   PHCENIX. 

Fifth  year  in  orchard,  130  pounds  per  tree  equals  10,140 
pounds,  at  iJ4  cents,  $126.75. 

Sixth  year  in  orchard,  200  pounds  per  tree  equals  15,600 
pounds,  at  i  }4  cents,  $195. 

PEARS. 

Third  year  in  orchard,  30  pounds  per  tree  equals  2,340 
pounds,  at  2  cents,  $46.80. 

Fourth  year  in  orchard,  60  pounds  per  tree  equals  4,680 
pounds,  at  2  cents,  $93.60. 

Fifth  year  in  orchard,  100  pounds  per  tree  equals  7,800 
pounds,  at  2  cents,  $156. 

Sixth  year  in  orchard,  150  pounds  per  tree  equals  11,700 
pounds,  at  2  cents,  $234. 

ALMONDS — PAPER  SHELL. 

Third  year  in  orchard,  5  pounds  per  tree  equals  390 
pounds,  at  15  cents,  $58.50. 

Fourth  year  in  orchard,  10  pounds  per  tree  equals  760 
pounds,  at  15  cents,  $117. 

Fifth  year  in  orchard,  20  pounds  per  tree  equals  1,560 
pounds,  at  15  cents,  $234. 

Sixth  year  in  orchard,  30  pounds  per  tree  equals  2,340 
pounds,  at  15  cents,  $351.10. 

In  the  above  calculation  net  figures  only  are  given,  so 
that  no  deduction  is  to  be  made  other  than  the  cost  of 
care  and  cultivation  per  acre — the  cost  of  picking  and 
packing  being  taken  into  consideration  by  lowering  the 
yield  per  acre,  as  also  the  price  per  pound. 

Of  course  grain  thrives  in  such  a  region 

CEREALS*  as  we  have  described,  but  as  a  rule  fruit 
pays  much  better.  This  is  a  matter  that 
is  regulated  somewhat  by  the  nature  of  the  land  and  the 
farmer.  Barley  and  oats  produce  from  thirty-five  to 
forty-five  bushels  to  the  acre,  and  sell  at  from  sixty  cents 
to  ninety-five  cents  per  bushel.  These  grains  are  largely 
grown  for  hay  and  are  cut  in  the  milk.  Alfalfa,  however, 
is  the  principal  hay  in  use.  In  addition  to  barley  and 
oats,  wheat  and  corn  are  raised,  also  broom  corn,  sugar 
cane  and  sorghum. 

This  forage  plant,  a  favorite  in  central 

ALFALFA,     and  southern  Arizona,  grows  all  the  year 

round.     It  is  cut  for  hay  from  four  to  six 

times  annually.     It  produces  from  one  and   one-half  to 

two  tons  per  acre  each  cutting.    An  average  crop  is  from 


17 

seven  to  eight  tons  per  acre,  each  year.  Twenty  head  of 
swine  or  two  head  of  cattle  can  pasture  well  on  an  acre 
of  alfalfa  throughout  the  year.  Taking  into  consideration 
the  lowest  market  price  yet  touched  by  alfalfa  hay  upon 
the  farm,  it  will  bring  $3  per  ton,  an  acre  giving  a  return 
of  $21  per  annum.  Baled,  it  brings  from  $8  to  $12  accord- 
ing to  the  season.  Alfalfa  seed  sells  at  seven  cents  to 
nine  cents  per  pound.  From  fifteen  to  twenty  pounds  are 
required  to  seed  one  acre. 

Professor  F.  A.  Gulley,  in  one  of  his  reports  from  the 
Arizona  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  says,  in  speak- 
ing of  alfalfa  as  found  in  the  Salt  River  Valley: 

"  It  grows  here  in  the  greatest  perfection.  In  the  vicin- 
ity of  Phoenix  are  some  thousands  of  acres  of  alfalfa  fields, 
and  on  these  fields,  grazing,  or  feeding  on  alfalfa  hay, 
thousands  of  range  cattle  are  now  being  fattened.  Fed 
nothing  but  alfalfa,  green  or  cured,  a  thousand-pound 
range  steer  will  gain  from  two  to  three  pounds  per  day 
until  well  fattened,  and  this  gain  is  equal  to  that  made  on 
good  hay  and  corn  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  States." 

Mr.     E.     G.     Frankenberg,     of 

ATM  TTYPFPTFMrF      Tempe,     in     Salt     River    Valley, 
AN  EXPERIENCE     wridng  tQ  the  Board  of  Agripl_ 

IN  ture    of    Kansas    says:      "  Since 

AT  FAT  TT A  T^9  I  have  been  growing  alfalfa, 

and  now  have  360  acres    *    *     * 

"  In     this    valley     the     second 

years'  yield  is  as  good  as  any  later,  and  five  cuttings  have 
been  made,  with  about  seven  tons  to  the  acre.  The  second 
or  third  cutting  is  used  for  seed,  and  not  watered,  cut  with 
a  self-raking  reaper,  stacked,  and  threshed  with  a  clover 
huller.  Hay  is  cut  when  in  full  bloom,  raked  as  soon  as 
possible,  cured  in  windrows,  and  stacked  like  clover. 
We  never  stack  in  barns,  as  we  have  no  rains  except  as 
before  noted,  and  unless  hay  is  put  up  too  wet  there  is 
no  trouble  from  moulding  or  heating.  The  hay  keeps 
well  in  any  sized  bales,  but  handles  best  in  100  pounds, 
and  the  baling  costs  about  $2.25  per  ton.  The  ordinary 
yield  of  seed  is  about  250  pounds  to  the  acre,  and  the 
expense  of  threshing  and  cleaning  is  about  2l/2  cents  per 
pound. 

"  Hay  has  been  sold  in  the  stack,  measured,  for  from 
$3.50  to  $9  per  ton,  and  seed  has  brought  from  6  cents  to 
15  cents  per  pound.  Alfalfa  land  is  hard  to  buy,  as  the 
man  who  has  it  wants  to  keep  it,  and  I  would  say  it  is 
worth  from  $50  to  $100  per  acre.  In  1892  one  of  my  neigh- 
bors had,  as  gross  returns  for  his  hay  and  pasture,  $27.72 
per  acre.  The  next  year  I  cut  over  3  tons  of  hay  per 
acre,  sold  at  an  average  of  $5  a  ton,  and  rented  the  pasture 
after  that  for  six  months  at  $7.50  per  acre." 

HORNED  CATTLE. 

In  a  previous  paragraph  it  was  said 

PTrTTTivrr  TTAT    tnat    tne    Problem    of    raising   cattle 

profitably,  in  spite  of  crowded  ranges 

ON  A  or   "  off   seasons,"   had   been   solved 

RT7T7T7  T7T?  A  IMF      ™  tne  valleys  of  Southern  Arizona, 
FRAME.      and  more  particu]arly  in   Salt  River 

Valley.    The  solution  has  been  found 
in  the  alfalfa  field. 

Somewhat  has  been  said  of  the  generous  provision 
nature  has  made  for  the  immense  herds  of  cattle  all 


18 


RANCH  SCENE  NEAR  TEMPE. 

through  the  hills  and  plains  of  Arizona:  as,  for  instance, 
the  great  variety  of  feed  for  stock,  including  under  the 
popular  name  of  "  grasses,"  seed  and  root,  browse  and 
cacti,  the  mild  climate,  free  from  ice  and  snow  and  the 
dreaded  blizzard;  and  finally,  exemption  from  the  neces- 
sity of  storing  great  quantities  of  feed  for  the  maintenance 
of  the  cattle  during  inclement  seasons.  Furthermore,  no 
disease  has  ever  made  its  appearance  among  the  stock  in 
the  Territory.  The  frame  and  constitution  of  cattle  bred 
upon  the  range  is  excellent,  the  only  trouble  being  the 
over-crowding  of  ranges,  and  occasional  droughts,  which 
may  render  the  herds  unfit  for  market.  Now,  each  year, 
the  herds  are  brought  in  to  fatten  on  the  alfalfa  fields, 
before  marketing.  Sixty  days  will  recruit  a  poor  herd 
into  fine  condition,  while  from  three  to  four  months  will 
transform  a  live  "  beef  frame"  into  prime  merchantable 
beef. 

As  to  common  range  stock  that  runs  among 

THE       .^ie  k^s  and  plains  getting  its  own  living  in 

its  own  wild  way,   and  receiving    from    the 

PROFIT    owner    no    other    yearly    attention    than    the 

OF  IT       branding  iron,  is  sold  at  two  cents  a  pound 

and  upwards   (the  prices  are  rising). 

Transfer  these  steers  to  an  alfalfa  field,  at 
a  cost  of  75  cents  to  $i  per  head  per  month,  and  the  gain 
in  weight  will  be  40  to  50  pounds  during  each  thirty  days, 
and  the  quality  will  advance  to  a  value  of  4  to  6  cents.  In 
other  words  a  range  steer  of  1,000  pounds,  and  valued  at 
from  20  to  25  dollars,  at  the  end  of  four  months  pasturage, 
costing  4  dollars,  will  weigh  1,200  pounds,  and  is  market- 
able at  a  price  ranging  from  60  to  80  dollars. 

In    Arizona,    stock    raising 

HIGH-BRED  CATTLE     and  agriculture  are  as  yet  in- 
ter-dependent.    Unlike  some 
AND  of  the  great   cattle  countries 

THE   DAIRY*  of  the  West,  where  the  farm 

has  invaded  grass  lands  and 
expelled  or  exterminated  the 

cattle  business,  the  cattle  here  have  some  60,000  square 
miles  to  range  over,  and  are  then  brought  into  the  agri- 


19 

cultural  lands  to  be  made  fit  for  the  market,  to  the  mutual 
profit  of  the  farmer  and  the  cattle  man.  Furthermore, 
some  of  the  owners  of  alfalfa  land  breed  registered  and 
high-grade  Hereford  bulls  to  turn  out  on  the  range.  A 
uniformly  colored  herd  sells  better  than  a  motley  one, 
and  Hereford,  which  are  essentially  grass  cattle,  bred  to 
the  hardy  Mexican  cow,  produce  a  cross  remarkable  for 
its  sturdiness  and  vigor,  as  well  as  for  the  markings  of  its 
blooded  sire. 

In  addition  to  the  Herefords,  some  ranchmen  have  im- 
ported Durham,  Holstein  and  Galloway  stock,  and  by 
annual  culling  the  herds  have  greatly  improved.  Indeed, 
several  years  ago  quite  an,  interest  was  taken  in  the  rearing 
of  high-bred  cattle,  and,  although  the  universal  business 
depression  affected  the  enterprise  temporarily,  it  has  re- 
cently been  resumed  with  considerable  enthusiasm,  espe- 
cially by  dairymen. 

The  dairy  business  is  generally  conducted  in  connection 
with  the  ice-making  and  cold  storage  plant.  There  is  this 
to  be  said  about  it  also,  that  the  cows  yield  most  plenti- 
fully in  the  summer  months  when,  because  of  the  hot 
weather  and  long  distance  to  large  cities,  the  risk  and  ex- 
pense of  shipment  is  greatest  and  the  profits  proportion- 
ately small. 

This  industry  has  met  with  such  success 
GROWING     ^at  it  is  rapidly  increasing.     The  prin- 
cipal  breeds  are  Poland-China  and  Berk- 
HOGS.          shire,      raised      from      stock      originally 
brought  from  the  Eastern  States  and  Cal- 
ifornia.   Most  breeders  prefer  the  black  hog,  as  best  suited 
to  the  climate.     There  has  been  no  sickness  among  swine 
in  the  country,   probably  because  they  are   almost   alto- 
gether raised  on  alfalfa  and  not  pen  fed.     Young  pigs, 
especially,  thrive  on  alfalfa.     For  fattening  matured  stock 
for  the  market,  barley,  wheat  and  sorghum  are  frequently 
used.    The  increasing  number  of  swine  has  built  up  a  good 
trade  with  dealers  in  Mexico,  Texas  and  California.     As 
much  as  $7,000  worth  of  hogs  was  raised  on  a  half  section 
of  land  last  year,  besides  over  one  hundred  head  of  cattle. 
.    There  are  so  many  shining  hours  in  Ari- 
BEE  zona  the  busy  little  bee  is  kept  very  busy 

indeed.     In   Salt  River  Vallev  there  are 
about  4,000  colonies  of  bees.    The  sources 
of  the  honey  crop  are  wild  flowers,  which 
are.  most  abundant   in  the  spring  and  fall,   the   mesquite 


FALLS   OF  THE  ARIZONA   CANAL. 


•V^     <*V&>  3*|_? 

X'.J£&  %t- 

^^Jk             •V'T/  oir-                I'?'" 

^»»J»2&  SIERRAK^Vx. 


&J.J. 

L ^°- 


I    /     A/    D    l\  A    N 
R\E  S  E  R  \f\f\  T  /  0  N 


WASHINGTON  STREET,    PHCENIX. 

trees  and  the  ever  serviceable  alfalfa  plant.  The  honey 
made  from  the  two  latter  is  of  excellent  quality.  The 
product  is  shipped  in  car  lots  to  Eastern  markets  and  fair 
prices  are  obtained.  The  traffic  is  nearly  altogether  in 
extracted  honey,  put  up  in  five-gallon  cans,  two  in  a  case. 
Comb  honey  is  put  up  in  sufficient  quantities  to  supply 
the  local  trade. 

THE  TOWNS  OF  SALT  RIVER  VALLEY. 

It  is  an  attractive  city!  Maybe  there 
are  hard-headed,  so-called  practical  men 
who  do  not  care  to  hear  about  Phoenix's 
comeliness,  oreferring  to  hear  about  its 
resources.  But  the  beauty  of  Phoenix  is 
one  of  its  resources,  and  is  worth  hear- 
ing about.  Perhaps  its  fairness  is  all  the 
more  noticeable  and  pleasing  because  of 
the  fact  that  one  travels  over  dusty  miles 
of  monotonous  plains  (deserts,  not  yet 
painted  green  by  that  great  artist  of  Arizona,  Water)  to 
get  to  it. 

There  are  plenty  of  trees  about  the  town,  the  name  of 
any  one  of  which  is  a  romance— the  olive,  the  pepper,  the 
cypress,  pomegranate  and  fig. 

Then  there  are  the  flowers,  only  the  word  does  not  con- 
vey its  Arizona  meaning  to  an  Eastern  mind,  accustomed 


PHOENIX, 
WHAT 

IT 

LOOKS 
LIKE. 


CENE,    PHCENIX. 


23 

to  potted  plants,  or  carefully  nourished  gardens.  Here  is 
a  very  riot  of  flowers  growing  in  season  and  out  of  season, 
and  all  the  time  out  of  reason.  You  will  see  hedges  of 
geraniums,  and  adventurous  fuchsias  and  heliotropes  that 
will  climb  as  high  as  they  are  permitted,  and  acres  of 
beautiful  lilies, 

All  of  the  dwellings  around  Phoenix  are  picturesque; 
those  that  were  not  made  so  by  the  builder  have  been 
made  so  by  the  shrubbery.  The  inhabitants  have  mostly 
come  from  the  older  civilization  of  the  East  and  South, 
'and  are  refined  and  cultivated,  so  that  there  is  no  lack  of 
those  graces  which  mean  so  much  to  the  stranger  in  a 
strange  land. 

Phoenix  is  the  capital  of  Ari- 
zona Territory  and  the  seat  of 
Maricopa  County.  Its  popula- 
tion is  about  18,000,  although  the 
presence  of  a  large  transient  pop- 
ulation, composed  of  tourists, 
health  seekers,  farmers,  miners 

and  cattlemen  from  all  parts  of  the  Territory,  give  the 
streets  the  busy  aspect  of  a  town  twice  its  size. 


ITS  POPULATION 

AND 
BUSINESS. 


HOTEL  ADAMS,  PHCENIX. 

It  is  well  furnished  with  all  the  modern  appliances  of 
comfort,  including  gas-works,  ice  factories  and  electric 
light  plants,  seven  miles  of  street  railway,  four  of  .which 
are  electric,  and  a  telephone  exchange;  there  is  also  a 
sewerage  system,  waterworks  and  a  fire  department. 
There  are  rows  of  substantial  business  blocks,  a  theater 
and  several  public  halls.  A  number  of  handsome  State 
and  county  buildings  are  already  erected,  including  the 
Territorial  Insane  Asylum,  costing  $100,000,  and -Terri- 
torial capitol  of  noble  proportions  and  built  of  enduring 
material;  a  fitting  place  in  which  to  make  the  laws  that 
shall  govern  a  people  whose  financial  strides  accent  their 
millions  by  scores.  A  $200,000  hotel  has  just  been  opened 
at  Phoenix.  It  is  modern  in  every  way — electric  lights, 
elevators,  baths,  etc., — and  luxurious  throughout.  There 
are  several  other  well-equipped  hotels  there,  any  one  of 
which  ranks,  in  point  of  service  and  accommodations, 
with  the  best  caravansaries  of  the  East. 


SCHOOLS, 
CHURCHES 

AND 
SOCIETIES. 


24 

When  it  is  remembered  that  Phoenix  is  not  only  the 
capital  of  the  Territory  but  the  trade  center  of  Maricopa 
County,  embracing  an  area  of  9,354  square  miles,  a  great 
deal  of  which  is  productive,  it  will  be  readily  understood 
that  there  is  considerable  business  done  in  the  town.  As 
an  index  of  its  rapid  commercial  growth,  the  assessment 
roll  of  1884  shows  the  value  of  land  and  improvements  to 
have  been  $1,114,463,  while  in  1898  the  official  figures  are 
nearly  $9,000,000. 

Phoenix  has  a  graded  school  system 
consisting  of  a  high  school  and  various 
ward  schools.  There  are  also  a  num- 
ber of  private  schools.  The  Territorial 
Normal  School  is  at  Tempe. 

Nearly  all  religious  denominations 
have  an  organization  in  Phoenix,  while 
the  majority  have  handsome  church 
edifices,  the  new  Methodist  Church  taking  rank  as  one  of 
the  finest  buildings  on  the  Coast.  The  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  has  a  free  reading-room  and  gym- 
nasium in  connection  with  its  assembly  rooms.  All  of  the 
principal  fraternities  are  represented  by  lodges,  and  own 
separate  halls. 

The  town  of  Tempe  ranks  next  to  Phoenix 
TEMPE.      in  the  valley.     It  is  picturesquely  situated 
at  the  foot  of  a  lofty  butte  on  the  south 
bank  of  the  river,  and  is  the  headquarters  of  the  Consoli- 
dated Canal  Company.     Its  population  is  2,000.     It  sup- 
ports a  flouring  mill,  fruit-drying  establishment,  ice  fac- 
tory and  packing-house.     It  has  two  hotels,  two  banks, 
and  several  fine  business  houses  built  of  brick  and  brown- 
stone,  which  latter  is  obtained  from  a  quarry  in  the  neigh- 
borhood. 

Is  situated  on  a  plateau  near  the  eastern 
MESA  CITY  end  of  the  county.  The  vicinity  is 

especially  favorable  to  vines  and  fruit. 
The  population  is  about  2,000.  There  are  two  trains  daily 
to  Phoenix  and  Tempe. 


CITY  HALL,    PHCENIX. 

Is  fifty-five  miles  southwest  of  Phoenix, 
GILA  BEND      and  is  the   center  of  a  fertile  farming 

district  that  extends  for  miles  along  the 
Gila  River.  While  it  has  not  yet  the  elaborate  irrigating 
system  that  surrounds  Tempe  and  Phoenix,  its  alluvial  soil 
is  similar  to  that  of  the  Valley  of  the  Salt,  and  it  is  only 
a  question  of  time  when  canals  will  place  it  in  the  same 
prosperous  category.  Gila  Bend  is  also  a  promising  sta- 
tion on  the  Southern  Pacific  Company's  Sunset  line. 

To    the    eastward    of    Gila   Bend    is 
MARICOPA.      Maricopa,  an  important  station  of  the 

Southern  Pacific  Company,  and  the 
junction  of  the  Maricopa  and  Phoenix  Railroad  with  the 
Southern  Pacific  Company's  Sunset  line.  From  this  sta- 
tion there  is  railway  connection  with  Tempe,  Phoenix, 
and  other  points  of  general  supply  and  exchange  in  the 
Valley. 

THE  TESTIMONY  OF  A  FEW. 

From  the  "  Phoenix  Daily  Herald  "  of  January  26th,  we 
take  the  following  "  experiences  "  at  random. 

Mr.  Frank  Baum,  a  recent  settler  in 
A  Salt    Valley,    in    a    letter   to    a    friend 

dated  AuSust  J9th>  Published  in  the 
Sidell  (111.)  "Reporter,"  says:  l<  I 
want  you  to  call  and  see  me  on  your 
way  out,  or  back.  You  will  never  regret  it.  I  will  take 
you  around  and  show  you  our  Valley.  I  can  show  you 
1,000,000  acres  of  the  finest  valley  land  on  earth.  *  *  * 
Mr.  Wilcox,  who  lives  near  me,  has  sold  $400  worth  of 
fruit  and  will  sell  that  much  more  this  fall  off  of  two 
acres." 

Mr.  Winfield  Scott,  Chaplain  on  the 
^  retired  list  of  the  United  States  Army, 

writing  from  Phoenix,  states  that,  de- 
siring  to  pay  the  expenses  of  an  orange 
grove  while  the  young  trees  were  grow- 
ing,  it  occurred  to  him  to  plant  peanuts 
between  the  rows.  He  did  so,  and  with 
such  success  that  "  the  present  year  I 
extended  my  planting,"  he  says,  "  and  have  obtained 
equally  good  results.  My  crop  will  yield  me  about  250 
sacks  of  large,  first-class  nuts  of  superior  quality.  *  *  * 
As  near  as  I  can  estimate,  they  will  pay  a  revenue'  of  at 
least  $75  per  acre." 


RFrnsjujTTO 
BEGINNER. 


FLYER 

IN 
PEANUTS. 


26 

Mr.  M.Baugh,  we  learn  from 
A  another  source,   farmed  seven- 

ty-five acres  under  the  Arizona 

MISCELLANEOUS        Canal     Company,     during    the 
17 AT? TUT  Past   season.      "  Sixty  acres   of 

which,"  he  says,  "  I  put  in  bar- 
ley,   and    the    balance,    fifteen 

acres,  in  alfalfa.  From  this,  since  the  first  of  last  May,  I 
have  sold  $50  worth  of  chickens,  $250  worth  of  eggs, 
$2,300  worth  of  hogs,  $50  worth  of  turkeys,  and  $400  worth 
of  honey,  making  a  gross  income  from  seventy-five  acres 
of  $3,050.  In  addition  to  this.  I  not  only  have  the  original 
stock  with  which  I  started,  but  they  have  increased  in 
value  at  least  $500,  so  that  really  the  seventy-five  acres 
have  produced  $3.550." 

Mr.  W.  D.  Fulwiler,  in  a  pamphlet  is- 
sued  by  the  Arizona  Improvement  Com- 
pany   of    Phoenix,     says,     in     regard    to 
ORANGE       oranges:    "  *    *    *    as  you  are  aware,  we 
ORCHARD      hpve  85  acres  which  will  come  into  bear- 
*     ing  next  year,  but  have  only  four  or  five 
acres  now  in  bearing.     We  began  selling 
the  product  to  the  local  dealers  here  at  a  net  price  to  the 
company  of  $4  per  box.    I  had  Mr.  Tait  count  the  oranges 
on    some   of   the   trees    from    which    he    was    certain    no 
oranges  had  been  picked,  and  found  that  they  ran  from 
146  to  264  per  tree,  taking  the  average  at  a  box  and  a  half 
per  tree,  at  $4  per  box  equals  $6  per  tree,  and  at  69  trees 
per  acre  gives  $414  per  acre,  exclusive  of  boxes  and  dealers' 
profits.    The  yield  will  increase  from  year  to  year  until,  at 
full  bearing,  they  will  produce  from  6  to  8  boxes  per  tree. 
The  trees  in  bearing  are  now  five  years  old."     It  should 
be  said  that  $4  a  box  is  a  rather  unusual  price,  $2  is  nearer 
the  average. 

SOME  GENERAL  INFORMATION. 

The   following   statistics   are   taken 
^rom  tne  recent  report  of  Hon.  Thos. 
Dalton,  Superintendent  of  Public  In- 
IN  struction: 

Number  of  teachers  employed  in 
1896,  324:  number  of  school  districts, 
223;  number  of  boys  enrolled,  6,789: 

number  of  girls  enrolled,  6,100:  total  enrollment,  12,889: 
number  of  census  children,  16,936:  average  length  of 
school  term,  6.34  months:  total  expenditure  in  all  sources, 
$214,450:  valuation  of  .school  property,  $429,000.  Several 
new  school  b*uildings  are  now  under  construction,  and  in 
the  last  two  years  twenty  new  schools  have  been  built  at 
a  cost  of  $35,000. 

Professor  W.    Eitner,   of  Vienna,   an 

CANAIGRE,      authority   on   all   matters  pertaining  to 

the  manufacture  of  leather,  recommends 

the  use  of  this  root  in  tanning  on  account  of  its  quickness, 

its  filling  qualities,  and  its  beautiful  colors.     He  considers 

it  especially  adapted  for  tanning  uppers,  fine  saddlery,  and 

fancy  leathers,  either  alone  or  in  combination  with  other 

materials. 

The  canaigre  root  is  found  growing  wild  in  Arizona 
and  has  long  been  used  bv  the  Mexicans  as  a  tannins: 
material  and  as  a  medicine,  but  only  in  recent  years  has  it 
attracted  attention  as  an  article  of  commerce.  An  analysis 


27 


A   SHADY    DRIVE,    PHCENIX. 

by  Mr.  Vaelcker,  of  Galveston,  gives  23.16  per  cent  o 
tannic  acid.  Canaigre  has  been  gathered  in  its  wild  stat< 
and  shipped  abroad  by  various  individuals  and  companies 
until  the  supply  near  lines  of  transportation  became  ex 
hausted  and  it  no  longer  paid  to  gather  it. 

The  Arizona  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  a  de 
partment  of  the  University  at  Tucson,  has  investigated  it 
habits  with  the  possibility  of  cultivating  it,  and  has  issue( 
an  exhaustive  bulletin  on  the  subject.  Mr.  C.  B.  Allaire 
in  an  article  in  the  "  Irrigation  Age,"  of  November,  1894 
says:  "  Canaigre  makes  an  excellent  substitute  for  gam 
.  bier,  having  all  the  desirable  qualities  that  it  has,  am 
others  that  it  does  not  supply,  and  it  is  as  a  substitute  fo: 
it  and  as  a  modifier  of  the  tannic  barks  that  will  justify  ; 
liberal  demand  for  it,  when  its  merits  are  more  general!] 
understood. 

"As  a  crop  on  irrigated  lands  it  has  advantages  tha 
make  it  very  valuable  in  the  economy  of  agriculture,  no 
so  much  on  account  of  any  enormous  profits,  that  it  wil 
yield,  as  from  the  fact  that  with  a  limited  water  and  labo: 
supply,  the  tillable  acreage  can  be  nearly  doubled." 

The   Pima    Indians   of   Arizona   manu 

COTTON*      factured    fabrics    from    cotton    raised    ii 

these  valleys  long  before   European   set 

tiers   cultivated  it  in  Virginia  or  the   Mississippi  Valley 

In  recent  years  the  plant  has  been  grown  in  Salt  Rivei 

Valley  but  not  in  sufficient  quantities  to  create  a  market 

The  sugar  cane  thrives  in  South 

SUGAR  CANE.       ern  Arizona,  yielding  1,000  pound; 
of  sugar  to  the  acre.     The  produc 

is  generally  turned  into  syrup  which  is  of  good  qualit) 
and  sells  at  the  usual  market  price. 


A 
COMPARISON 

OF 
ORANGES. 


as 

,From  the  "Riverside  (Cal.) 
Press:"  "  Q.  T.  Brown  returned 
from  the  Gila  Bend  country,  Ari- 
zona, last  night.  He  brought  back 
with  him  a  box  of  navel  oranges, 
grown  about  eleven  miles  from 
Phoenix,  in  Salt  River  Valley. 
These  oranges  are  magnificent 

specimens — good  size,  rich  color,  very  sweet  and  finely 
flavored.  They  ripen  in  November,  a  'couple  of  months 
earlier  than  here  in  Riverside.  It  has  been  fully  demon- 
strated that  fine  oranges  can  be  raised  in  Arizona." 

PIMA  COUNTY. 

Extending  along  the  southern  bor- 

ITS  MINES.        der,  with  the   Mexican   State   of  So- 

nora   for   a   neighbor,    Pima    County 

covers  an  area  of  9,500  square  miles.  It  is  the  oldest  min- 
ing region  in  the  United  States.  Who  first  discovered 
silver  in  Pima  County,  and  when,  no  one  knows.  The 
Jesuit  priests  found  evidences  of  the  mines  having  been 
worked  when  they  first  began  operations  in  this  region, 
as  early  as  the  seventeenth  century.  The  world-famed 
bolas  de  plata  discoveries  of  1736-41  were  in  the  Arizona 
mountain  range,  near  the  Sonoran  border  of  Pima 


COURTHOUSE,    TUCSON. 

County;  balls  and  plates  of  native  silver  were  abundantly 
found;  one  of  these,  by  weight,  in  friendly  relation  to  a 
ton  avoirdupois.  These  were  claimed  by  the  Government 
as  curios  (criadero  de  plata),  and  thereupon  the  miners 
ceased  to  find  them.  Bolas  are  yet  found — not  alone  de 
plata,  but  de  oro  and  de  dobra  as  well. 

There    are    6,714,000    acres    of 
GOVERNMENT        land  in   Pima  County,   of  which 

1,058,210  have  been  surveyed,  and 
LANDS.  only  157,560  acres  of  this  amount 

have  been  filed  upon  in  the  Land 

Office;  256,630  acres  consist  of  Indian  reservation  and 
private  land  grants.  The  remaining  5,241,600  acres  are 
unsurveyed.  Here  is  a  large  opportunity  for  colonization 
and  irrigation  enterprises. 


29 

Perhaps  it  is  not  generally  knowr 
TUCSON*  that  the  "  ancient  and  honorable  pueblc 
of  Tucson  "  is  the  oldest  town  in  the 
United  States,  despite  the  claims  of  St.  Augustine,  as  sel 
forth  in  our  youthful  geographies.  The  Arizona  "  Citi- 
zen," in  its  New  Year's  number,  calls  attention  to  this 
fact,  and  how  Friar  Marcos  Ziza,  who  accompanied  Gen- 
eral Coronado  when  he  founded  the  town  in  1540,  chroni- 
cled the  event  and  its  date  on  vellum  in  a  fair  clerkly  hand 
We  wonder  what  Father  Ziza  would  say  if  he  saw  his 
honorable  pueblo  at  the  present  day,  its  adobe  walls,  01 
what  is  left  of  them,  shrinking  in  the  glare  of  the  electric 
light,  and  crumbling  to  pieces  with  the  mighty  jar  of  rail- 
road trains.  Being  a  decorous  man  and  a  scholar  »he 
would  probably  veil  his  remarks  in  Latin. 


A.  O.  U    W..  BUILDING,    TUCSON. 

Tucson  has  a  population  of  about  10,000.  It  is  the 
county-seat,  and  is  also  the  site  of  the  Territorial  Uni- 
versity, whose  excellent  work  and  handsome  buildings 
add  to  the  intellectual  and  architectural  reputation  of  the 
city.  It  is  the  business  center  of  a  large  mining,  cattle 
and  agricultural  region. 

Tucson's   elevation    (2,390   feet),    and 
HYGIENE.        freedom  from  fogs  and  miasmatic  ex- 
halations,   invite    an    invalid    world    to 
come  and  be  healed. 

Out-door  life  is  an  essential  factor  in  the  cure  of  many 
forms  of  disease;  especially  so,  of  those  fastened  by 
modern  hyper-refinement.  The  patient  must  leave  the 
crest  of  artificial  living's  rainbow,  and  get  down  to  mother 
earth;  this  he  can  safely  dp,  in  Pima  County,  Arizona. 
Let  his  days  (365  of  them  in  the  year)  be  spent  in  judi- 
cious equitation — following  the  herds,  or  following  his 
brooding  fancies;  and  the  restful  nights,  in  view  of  the 
stars. 


30 


FLOCKS 

AND 
HERDS. 


Stock  raising  reaches  large  proportions 
in  this  subdivision  of  Arizona;  the 
records  for  the  year  ending  June,  1899, 
show  the  shipment  of  twenty-two  thou- 
sand head,  to  markets  east  and  west. 


Mr.  Hamilton,  in  his  excellent  work 
COCHISE         on    tne    resources    of    Arizona,    says: 
"  This    county    occupies    the    extreme 
COUNTY.        southeastern    corner,  of   the   Territory. 
Its  area  is  5,925  square  miles,  and  its 
topography  is  made  up  of  lofty  mountains,   wide  valleys 
and  grassy  plains.     The    Chiricahua    Range    crosses    the 
eastern  part  of  the  county,  while  the  Huachuca,  the  Whet- 
stone, the  Mule,  and  the  Dragoon  Ranges  run  through  it 
on  the  west.     The  mountains  are  well  timbered,  while  the 
valleys  and  foothills  are  covered  with  fine  grasses.     The 
San    Pedro   is   the    only   running   stream    in    Cochise.      It 
flows  through  the  county  from  the  line  of  Sonora  to  the 
boundary  of  Final.     Recent  discoveries  in  the   Dragoon 


DEPOT  AND   HOTEL,  TUCSON. 


range  and  elsewhere  of  gold,  silver  and  copper  have  en- 
riched thousands.  The  wonderful  mineral  wealth  of  its 
mountains  and  mesas  have  given  Cochise  a  national  repu- 
tation, while  the  nutritious  character  of  its  grasses  have 
drawn  within  its  borders  thousands  of  cattle.  One  of  the 
smallest,  it  is  one  of  the  richest  counties  in  the  Territory, 
and  there  are  few  regions  that  can  show  so  many  varied 
natural  resources.  Tombstone  is  its  principal  town." 

These  are   now  traversed   by  the   Gila 
Valley,     Globe    and     Northern     Railway 
from    its    initial    point   at    Bowie,    on    the 
Southern   Pacific — bringing  wide  grazing 
and     agricultural     districts     into     contact 
with  markets — and  also  opening  valuable 
coal    deposits    to    commercial    uses,    and 
giving  development  to  scores  of  rich  de- 
posits of  the  precious  metals, — gold,  silver  and  copper;  of 
the  latter,  the  output  at  Globe  is  phenomenal. 


GILA 
AND 

GRAHAM 
COUNTIES. 


Is  a  country  of  open,  grassy  plains  dotted 
FINAL  with  clumps  of  barren  mountains.  The 

Gila  flows  through  it  from  east  to  west, 
COUNTY  anci  its  southeastern  end  is  watered  by 
*  the  San  Pedro.  Its  total  area  is  5,210 
square  miles.  It  possesses  large  and  rich  tracts  of  agri- 
cultural land,  excellent  grazing  grounds,  and  some  of  the 
most  valuable  mines  yet  discovered  in  Arizona.  Besides 
its  ledges  of  gold,  silver  and  copper,  large  deposits  of 
coal  have  been  "found  within  its  border,  which  will,  no 
doubt,  yet  prove  valuable.  Florence,  the  principal  town 
of  Final,  stands  in  the  valley  of  the  Gila  and  about  half  a 
mile  from  the  stream.  It  is  twenty-five  miles  northeast 
of  Casa  Grande  station  on  the  Southern  Pacific  and  eighty 
miles  north  of  Tucson.  The  place  has  a  delightful  situa- 
tion, and,  with  its  pleasant  homes,  surrounded  by  trees  and 
shrubbery,  its  pure  water  and  healthy  climate,  is  one  of 
the  most  attractive  spots  in  the  Territory. 


ALMOND  ORCHARD. 


Comprises  the  southwestern  portion  of 
YUMA  Arizona.    The  Gila  River  flows  through 

Ar__         the    county    for    nearly    one    hundred 
COUNTY         miles,  forming  in  its  course  a  rich  and 
fertile  valley.    The  Colorado  washes  its 
western   boundary  and  has   large  bodies  of  arable   land. 
Besides  the  Southern  Pacific   Company's  railroad,  Yuma 
has  the  advantage  of  a  navigable  stream  which  must  ulti- 
mately develop  and  bring  into  prominence  its  great  nat- 
ural  resources,     The   town   of  Yuma  is   the   county-seat, 
situated  on  the  Colorado,  just  below  the  junction  of  the 
Gila. 

Arizona  is  rich  in  natural  scenery 

A  SUGGESTION     of    Sreat   varietv>    beautiful,    grand 

weird,    grotesque,    and    awe-mspir- 

TO  ing;  it  is  rich  in  the  relics  of  Amer- 

TOURISTS  *can  pi°neers>  Spanish  adventurers, 

Aztecs  and  races  so  ancient  that  a 

few  handfuls  of  dust  is  all  that  is 

left  of  them;  it  is  rich  in  the  singular  colonies  of  queer 
people,  who  still  cherish  the  Sacred  Fire  and  patiently 
await  the  coming  of  Montezuma,  and  in  the  remnants  of 
tribes,  once  savage  marauders  but  now  reduced  to  the 
necessity  of  working  for  a  living  on  a  government  reser- 
vation. 


AN   ARIZONA   HOME. 

A  QUIET  WORD  TO  INVALIDS. 

It  is  not  the  least  part  of  an  invalid's  suffering  that  he 
has  to  submit  to  being  told  by  every  one  he  meets  just 
what  will  cure  him  and  where  he  ought  to  go  to  get  well. 
Now  it  is  not  imagined  that  an  invalid  has  waded  or  will 
wade  through  all  the  pages  of  this  pamphlet  addressed  to 
the  annoyingly  healthy  home-seeker,  unless,  indeed,  he 
may  be  stranded  in  some  remote  railway  station,  and  al- 
together out  of  literature.  But,  if  the  gentle  invalid  has 
read  the  foregoing  pages,  we  would  recall  to  his  mind  the 
statistics  that  we  have  quoted  showing  Arizona  to  have 
the  driest  climate  in  the  "United  States,  as  well  as  the  most 
equable.  It  has  been  humorously  said  of  Salt  River  Val- 
ley that  everything  grows  there,  even  lungs. 

The  notion  seems  to  prevail  with  a  certain  class  of  good 
people* that  all  an  invalid  requires  is  climate  and  "  rough- 
ing it."  As  though  sitting  on  the  desert  like  a  Yuma 
squaw,  or  an  Egyptian  sphinx,  ought  to  make  any  sick 
person  well,  although  a  well  person  would  find  such  an 
existence  altogether  unendurable.  But  in  Arizona  the 
people  know  that  a  sick  person  away  from  home  requires 
unusual  comforts,  pleasant  surroundings,  and  some  ra- 
tional amusements.  Therefore  there  are  places,  notably 
such  towns  as  Tucson  and  Phoenix,  where  an  exiled  in- 
valid may  find  other  requisites  for  his  condition  than 
climate  merely. 


CULTIVATING   PEACH   ORCHARD,    SALT   RIVER    VALLEY. 


34 

A  NEW  HOME— HOW  TO  REACH  AND  MAKE  IT. 

The  country  of  Arizona,  its  resources  and  possibilities, 
having  been  faithfully  described — "  extenuating  nothing, 
setting  nothing  down  in  malice  " — it  remains  to  say  how 
you  can  best  reach  it;  at  what  cost  of  time  and  money, 
and  what,  under  ordinary  circumstances,  you  will  have  to 
overcome  before  arriving  at  a  period  when  you  may  claim 
to  be  self-supporting. 

The  prime  condition  is  manly  vigor;  without  that,  stay 
where  you  are,  stay  anywhere,  and  make  it  a  feature  of 
your  religion  to  give  Arizona  a  wide  berth — neither  it  nor 
its  people  will  make  you  welcome.  But  if  you  are  indus- 
trious, frugal  and  temperate,  and  added  to  this  trinity  of 
virtues  have  what  the  New  Englanders  call  "faculty" 
(another  name  for  horse  sense),  you  will  find  yourself 
"  to  the  manor  born." 

Wherever  you  may  reside,  to  the  northward  or  north- 
easterly from  New  Orleans,  you  will  consult  your  best 
interests  by  purchasing  a  through  ticket  to  your  destina- 
tion via  that  city,  because  New  Orleans  is  the  Eastern* 


MAMMOTH   MINE. 

terminal  of  the   Southern   Pacific's   lines;   and  there  you 
can  take  a  car  that  will  land  you  at  your  chosen  home. 

The  cost  for  transportation  will  be  about  as  follows,  and 
to  this  must  be  added  the  charge  for  sleeping  car,  which 
for  a  double  berth  accommodating  two  persons  will  be 
from  four  to  six  dollars,  according  to  distance. 

TO  PHOENIX,  ARIZONA,  VIA  NEW  ORLEANS  AND  SOUTHERN 
PACIFIC  COMPANY'S  LINES. 

SECOND 
FROM  CLASS. 

St.  Louis $49  60 

Chicago 54  60 

Detroit    59  60 

Indianapolis 56  10 

Cincinnati 58  60 

Pittsburg 62  10 

Buffalo    63  10 

Boston 69  85 

New  York 69  85 

Philadelphia  * 69  35 

Baltimore  67  10 

If  you  have  effects  that  you  wish  to  retain,  beyond  the 
weight  of  150  pounds  to  each  passenger,  which  will  be 
carried  free  as  baggage,  pack  securely  and  ship  by  freight 


35 

over  the  same  lines  recommended  to$  you  for  your  own 
routing,  understanding  that  the  freight  will  probably 
reach  you  in  ten  days  or  two  weeks  after  your  own  arrival. 
Some  prudent  persons,  who  want  their  effects  as  soon  as 
they  arrive,  ship  them  in  advance.  As  to  season  for  start- 
ing, you  have  learned  that  in  a  climate  like  Arizona,  and 
on  land  that  is  irrigated,  you  practically  make  your  own 
season;  there  is  no  day  in  the  year  that  forbids  garden- 
making  or  steps  leading  to  home  comforts.  If  you  are  not 
wealthy,  you  had  best  select  your  home  in  the  vicinity  of 
others,,  so  as  to  have  neighborly  society,  and  on  irrigated 
lands.  The  wealthy  man  can  increase  his  wealth  by  locat- 
ing desert  government  land,  bringing  from  some  source 
that  is  available  (if  there  be  such)  sufficient  water  to 
irrigate  it  permanently;  and  under  the  laws  of  the  United 
States  he  and  each  member  of  his  family  can  obtain  360 
acres  of  this  desert  reclaimed  land  on  payment  to  the 
Government  of  $1.25  per  acre.  Such  lands,  in  desirable 
situations,  can  yet  be  had. 

But  for  the  man  who  has  but  little  money,  and  wants  to 
put  himself  on  an  independent  basis  as  soon  as  possible, 


AN    AVENUE  OF   HOMES. 


the  best  way  will  be  to  purchase  land  with  water  right, 
and  you  will  find  many  advantages  in  being  near  to  others 
similarly  situated.  You  can  be  mutually  helpful.  Obtain 
twenty  or  forty  acres — a  family  can  make  a  good  living 
qn  twenty  acres,  since  you  must  not  forget  that  one  acre, 
of  irrigated  land,  in  Arizona  is  equal  to  four  or  more 
acres  in  any  average  country  that  has  a  frozen,  snowy 
winter. 

^  Your  land  will  cost  from  $25  to  $40  an  acre  with  its 
right  to  water,  and  can  be  paid  for  by  reasonable  install- 
ments 'after  the  first  payment  of  twenty  or  twenty-five  per 
cent.  When  the  land  is  purchased,  you  will  obtain  a  water 
use  right  for  the  year  which  will  cost  about  $1.25  per  acre. 
Then  prepare  a  garden,  and  within  thirty  days  you  will 
begin  to  eat  of  the  fruit  of  your  industry.  Three  acres  or 
more  of  alfalfa,  as  food  for  your  team,  your  cow,  and  half 
a  dozen  swine  and  two  or  three  dozen  chickens. 

Your  stock  will  cost  you  less  than  the  same  would  in  the 
East.  You  will  want  a  pair  of  horses  or  mules  and  at 
least  one  good  cow.  The  harness  will  be  a  trifle  dearer 
than  you  have  been  accustomed  to,  and  the  farm  imple- 
ments, wagon,  plow,  etc.,  at  least  as  dear  as  in  the  East, 
with  added  freight.  Your  cow,  poultry,  swine  and  garden 
will  do  much  toward  feeding  you,  and  a  crop  of  straw- 
berries can  be  soon  placed  in  the  market  to  obtain  flour. 


meat,  sugar,  coffee,  tea  and  other  necessaries  and  lux- 
uries. Strawberries  are  easily  raised  and  pay  largely  for 
months.  Nothing  has  been  said  of  your  house.  At  slight 
expense  for  carpenter  work,  doing  much  yourself,  you  can 
put  up  a  cheap  balloon  frame  house  to  shelter  you  and 
yours  from  sun  and  possible  rain  that  will  come  only 
during  the  autumn  months.  Lumber  is  not  much  dearer 
than  you  are  accustomed  to,  and  the  climate  respects  a 
cloth  and  paper  house.  The  balloon  frame  is  safe,  for 
there  are  no  blizzards  or  cyclones  in  Arizona.  Your 
stock  will  need  no  shelter,  but  when  affluence  comes  to 
you  your  well-housed  stock  can  share  it. 

Wages  can  be  earned  by  those  desiring  such  an  aid  to 
early  efforts,  and  many  new  settlers  use  this  method  to 
assist  the  means  enumerated  by  me.  If  you  are  indus- 
trious and  frugal,  very  soon  your  land  will  be  paid  for 
and  additional  purchases  made.  Schools  and  churches 
and  cultivated  society  will  be  easily  accessible  to  you. 
It  may  be  supposed  you  understand  that  the  irrigated 
lands  are  none  of  them  timbered.  Before  water  was 
artificially  brought  to  them,  they  were  level  plains  covered 
by  a  scanty  growth  of  bushes  with  intermingled  cacti  and 
grass,  usually  much  cacti  and  little  grass.  You  will  start 
lines  of  poplars  along  your  water  ditches  to  provide  shade 
and  fuel. 

Many  "settlers  refrain  from  house-building  when  they 
arrive  after  the  autumn  rains,  living  for  several  months  in 
a  tent,  and  building  the  house  at  their  leisure.  The  sum- 
mers are  hot — June,  July  and  August, — but,  however  hot, 
you  can  work  safely  out  in  the  open  field,  for  sunstroke 
is  unknown;  and  the  nights  induce  refreshing  sleep,  and 
good  health  is  the  rule — sickness  the  rare  exception. 

There  are  no  epidemics  of  bilious  fevers,  or  dysentery, 
or  ague.  Inflammatory  diseases  and  typhoid  fevers  are 
rarely  heard  of.  Your  doctor's  bills  will  be  less  than  your 


\Jll?Uy        OPERATED  BY  THE 

Southern  Pacific  Co. 


37 

butcher's.    If  you  have  any  inherited  taint  of  lung  disease, 
expect  a  cure. 

If  such  conditions  as  I  have  described  will  suit  you, 
you  had  best  come  and  enjoy  them.  You  will  scarcely  find 
a  discontented  family  in  a  day's  search  in  agricultural 
Arizona.  It  is  a  place  where,  to  the  industrious,  a  living 
is  certain,  a  competence  attainable,  and  independent 
wealth  possible. 


WHITELAW  REID  ON  ARIZONA. 

The  publishers  of  this  little  volume  esteem  it  a  triumph 
to  be  able  to  establish  its  credibility  in  a  general  way  with 
the  testimony  of  so  distinguished  a  personage  as  the  Hon. 
Whitelaw  Reid,  editor  of  the  New  York  "  Tribune." 

Mr.  Reid  is  not  only  a  great  journalist  and  statesman, 
but  a  widely  traveled  savant,  and  more  or  less  acquainted 
with  every  known  country.  His  opinions  on  any  subject 
have  weight,  because  coming  from  one  who  would  not 
descend  claptrap.  His  impartial  judgment  of  Arizona  will 
be  read  with  more  than  passing  interest 

So  many  questions  are  asked  about  Arizona  as  a  place 
for  winter  residence,  and  there  appears  to  be  such  a  dearth 
of  precise  information  among  many  who  are  vitally  in- 
terested, that  it  seems  almost  a  public  duty  to  set  down, 
in  the  simplest  form,  a  few  facts  of  personal  observation. 
During  a  five  months'  residence  in 

WEATHER*  Southern  Arizona  in  winter,  there  was 
but  one  day  when  the  weather  made  it 
actually  unpleasant  for  me  to  take  exercise  in  the  open  air 
at  some  time  or  other  during  the  day.  Of  course,  there 
were  a  good  many  days  which  a  weather  observer  would 
describe  as  "cloudy,"  and  some  that  were  "  showery;" 
but  during  these  five  months  there  were  only  four  days 
when  we  did  not  have  brilliant  sunshine  at  some  time 
during  the  day.  Even  more  than  Egypt,  anywhere  north 
of  Luxor,  Arizona  is  the  land  of  sunshine.  As  to  details: 
The  Government  reports  show  a 

TEMPERATURE,    mean     temperature     for     fourteen 
years     at    the     present    Territorial 

capital  of  $Jl/2  degrees  in  November,  53  degrees  in  De- 
cember, 49  degrees  in  January,  54  degrees  in  February,  61 
degrees  in  March,  and  66  degrees  in  April.  The  same  re- 
ports show  the  highest  and  lowest  temperatures,  averaged 
for  eight  years,  at  the  same  place,  as  follows:  For  No- 
vember, 78^  and  42  degrees;  December,  73^  and  36^ 
degrees;  January,  6^/2  and  32  degrees;  February,  71^  and 
35^4  degrees;  March,  81^  and  41  degrees;  and  April,  86^2 
and  46  degrees.  The  nights  throughout  the  winters  are 
apt  to  be  cool  enough  for  open  wood  fires  and  for  blan- 
kets. Half  the  time  an  overcoat  is  not  needed  during  the 
day,  but  it  is  never  prudent  for  a  stranger  to  be  without 
one  at  hand. 

The  atmosphere  is  singularly  clear,  tonic 
J  F  AIR  and  dry.  I  have  never  seen  it  clearer  any- 
where in  the  world.  It  seems  to  have  about 
the  same  bracing  and  exhilarating  qualities  as  the  air  of 
the  Qreat  Sahara  in  Northern  Africa,  or  of  the  deserts 
about  Mount  Sinai,  in  Arabia  Petraea.  It  is  much  drier 


than  in  the  parts  of  Morocco,  Algiers  or  Tunis  usually 
visited,  and  drier  than  any  part  of  the  Valley  of  the  Nile 
north  of  the  First  Cataract.  It  seems  to  me  about  the 
same  in  quality  as  the  air  on  the  Nile  between  Assouan 
and  Wady-Halfa,  but  somewhat  cooler. 

This  is  extremely  slight  everywhere  in 

ACTUAL       Arizona,  as  compared  with  any  Eastern 

climate  in  the  United  States.     The  air  is 

rlUJVllDI  1  Y,    driest   on   the  high  mesas,   remote   from 

snow-clad  mountains   or   forests,   and   in 

the  desert  valleys,  where  no  considerable  irrigation  has 

been  begun.    Wherever  irrigation  is  carried  on,  on  a  large 

scale,  the  percentage  of  humidity  in  'the  atmosphere  must 

be  somewhat  increased,  although  to  an  Eastern  visitor  it 

is  scarcely  perceptible.     The  same  Government  observa- 

-    tions  already  cited  show  relative  humidity,  at  Phoenix  or 

Tucson,  averaged  for  weeks,  from  morning  and  evening 

readings,  as  less  than  half  the  usual  humidity  on  dry  days 

in  New  York.     General  Greely,  in  a  publication  from  the 

Weather    Bureau,    gave    the   normal    weight    of    aqueous 

vapor  in  the  Arizona  air  at  from  il/2  to  4  grains  per  cubic 

foot. 

Showers,  and  indeed  heavy  rains,  are  liable 

RAIN       to  occur  in  every  month  of  the  year;  but  the 

actual  number  of  rains   seem  to  an   Eastern 

visitor  strangely  small.     The  average  rainfall  in  Southern 

Arizona,   as   shown  by  the   Government  observations,   is 

but  8^  inches  per  year. 

It  is  a  striking  advantage  offered  by 
ALTITUDES*  Arizona  that,  with  the  same  general 
conditions  as  to  temperature  and  dry- 
ness  of  air,  the  physician  is  able  to  select  nearly  any  alti- 
tude he  may  desire.  Thus,  asthmatic  sufferers  can  find 
almost  the  sea-level  at  Yuma,  or  at  altitude  of  only  a 
thousand  feet  at  Phoenix,  or  of  only  2,400  at  Tucson. 
Others,  who  find  no  objection  to  greater  elevations,  can 
choose  between  Prescott  and  Fort  Whipple,  5,400;  Flag- 
staff, 6,800;  the  Sulphur  Spring  Valley,  or  Fort  Grant, 
4,200;  Fort  Huachuca,  4,800,  or  Oracle,  about  4,000. 

This  depends  on  what  one  expects 

TS  TT  A  in  a  huge,  sparsely  settled  Territory 

of  mountains  and  deserts.     The  man 

PLACE  FIT  TO    who   looks  for  either  the  beauty  or 

T  TT7-T7  TTVT>  the    seductive    excitement    of    Monte 

Carlo  will  not  find  it.     As  little  will 

he   find  the  historic   remains   of  the 

cosmopolitan  attractions  of  Egypt,  nor  could  he  reason- 
ably expect  the  amusements  and  luxuries  of  our  own  East- 
ern cities.  The  people  of  Arizona  are  still  chiefly  busy 
in  the  pioneer  work  of  subduing  it  to  the  residence  and 
uses  of  civilized  man.  But  it  has  two  transcontinental 
lines  of  railway,  with  numerous  feeders;  it  has  fast  mails 
and  rival  telegraph  lines,  and  is  throbbing  with  the  intense 
life  of  the  splendid  West.  The  two  principal  towns  in  the 
southern  portion  chiefly  sought  for  their  climatic  advan- 
tages are  Phoenix  and  Tucson.  Each  of  them  has  ten 
thousand  inhabitants  or  more.  They  have  the  electric 
light,  telephones,  trolley-cars,  plenty  of  hotels,  banks, 
bopk^  stores,  good  schools,  churches,  an  occasional  the- 
atrical performance,  sometimes  a  lecture  or  a  circus,  often 
a  horse  race,  and,  in  the  spring,  a  thoroughly  curious  and 
interesting  "  fiesta."  For  the  rest,  people  must  take  their 


—  '25 

amusements  with  them.  Good  horses  are  abundant  and 
cheap,  and  there  are  plenty  of  cowboys — the  genuine  ar- 
ticle— to  show  what  horses  can  do.  The  driving,  for  fif- 
teen or  twenty  miles  in  almost  any  direction  from  Phoenix, 
is  nearly  always  easy.  The  roads  are  apt  to  be  dusty;  but 
there  is  one  well-sprinkled  drive  of  six  or  eight  miles;  and, 
since  the  winds  are  quite  regular  in  their  direction,  it  is 
rarely  difficult  to  choose  a  route  on  which  .the  dust  will 
be  largely  carried  away  from  you.  The  unbroken  desert 
itself  is  often  as  easy  to  drive  over  as  an  Eastern  high- 
way, and  the  whole  valley  is  a  paradise  for  bicyclers  or 
equestrians. 

That,  again,  depends  on  what  you 

CAN  ONE  LIVE     expect.     You  cannot  have  the  lux- 
uries of  our  New  York  houses  out 

COMFORTABLY?   there,  unless  you  build  one;  or  the 
variety  of  our  New  York  markets, 

unless  you"  charter  a  refrigerator  car.  But  there  are  hotels 
with  almost  as  much  frontage  as  the  Waldorf;  and,  like 
.everything  else  in  the  Territory,  excepting  the  mountains 
and  the  deserts,  they  are  new.  There  are  boarding-houses 
of  more  kinds  than  one;  and  brick  cottages  of  eight  or  ten 
rooms  can  occasionally  be  rented.  Better  than  any  of 


HERDS   AND   HERDERS. 


them,  for  the  man  with  the  energy  and  the  pluck  to  take 
it,  is  a  tent  on  the  desert;  and  he  who  knows  how  to 
"  camp  out "  with  comfort  through  September  in  the 
Adirondacks  can  camp  out  in  Arizona  through  the  winter. 
As  to  food,  there  is  plenty,  and  it  is  good — if  you  can  get 
it  well  cooked.  The  alfalfa  fields  of  the  Salt  River  Valley 
are  the  fattening  grounds  for  the  great  cattle  ranges  of 
the  Territory.  From  there  the  markets  of  Los  Angeles, 
and  even  of  Denver,  are  largely  supplied.  Good  beef, 
mutton  and  poultry  are  plenty  and  cheap.  Quails,  ducks 
and  venison  from  the  vicinity  can  also  be  had.  Vegetables 
and  fruits  are  abundant  in  their  season,  and  sometimes 
the  season  is  a  long  one.  It  is  the  one  country  I  have 
lived  in  where  strawberries  ripen  in  the  open  air  ten 
months  in  the  year.  I  have  had  them  on  my  table,  fresh 
picked  from  the  open  gardens,  at  Christmas. 

The  man  who  goes  to  any  considerable 

IS  IT  A         Arizona    town     with    the    ideas     of    the 

Southwest  derived  from  novels,  or  from 

LAWLESS       "The   Arizona   Kicker,"   will   be   greatly 

COUNTRY?    mys.tified-     He  will  find  as  many  churches 

as    in    towns    of    corresponding    size    in 

Pennsylvania  or  Ohio;  and  probably  more 

schoolhouses.  He  will  find  plenty  of  liquor  shops,  top,  and 

gambling-houses,  and  dance-houses,  and  yet  he  will  see 

little  disorder  unless  he  hunts  late  at  night  for  it,  and  he 


will  be  apt  to  find — as  at  Phoenix — a  community  of  ten 
thousand  people  requiring  in  the  daytime  only  one  police- 
man, and  hardly  requiring  him.  During  my  winter  there  I 
did  not  see  a  single  disturbance  on  the  streets,  or  half  a 
dozen  drunken  men  all  told.  Mining  men  and  an  occa- 
sional cowboy  certainly  had  quarrels  sometimes,  in  the  dis- 
orderly quarters  at  night;  and  there  were  stories  of  the 
use  of  the  knife  among  Mexicans;  but  the  visitor  who 
went  about  his  own  business  had  as  little  trouble  as  on 
Broadway  or  Chestnut  Street.  The  Pima  and  Maricopa 
Indians,  who  are  encountered  everywhere,  have  been 
friendly  with  the  whites  for  generations,  and  there  isn't 
an  Apache  within  some  hundreds  of  miles. 

Primarily  that  is  a  question  for  the 

xvTTJTr-w  1WW71SJ     physician,   if  there  is   a  physician   in 
OWN     the  case;  if  not,  try  them  all.     If  a 
IS  THE  mountain    region,    considerable    alti- 

BEST?  tude,  and  a  comparatively  low  tem- 

perature are  desired,  Prescott  is  in  a 
picturesque  region  near  a  great  min- 
ing district,  and  has  the  social  advantage  of  an  army  post, 
'  Whipple  Barracks.  Flagstaff  is  still  higher;  is  in  a  region 
of  dense  pine  forests,  and  is  within  a  hard  day's  journey 
of  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world,  the  Colorado  Canyon. 
Oracle  is  a  pretty  mountain  nook,  embowered  in  splendid 
live  oaks,  like  those  of  California,  and  is  also  near  an  im- 
portant mining  district.  If  lower  altitude  and  a  distinctly 
semi-tropical  climate  are  desired,  the  three  places  most 
likely  to  be  considered  are  Yuma,  Tucson  and  Phoenix. 
The  first  is  near  the  sea-level;  is  the  warmest  and  probably 
the  driest  of  the  three;  has  the  least  population,  and  the 
smallest  provision  for  visitors.  Tucson  is  the  oldest  town 
in  the  Territory,  and,  after  Santa  Fe,  perhaps  the  oldest 
in  the  Southwest.  Its  adobe  houses  give  it  a  Mexican 
look,  and  are  thoroughly  comfortable.  Its  newer  houses 
are  of  a  handsome  building  stone,  found  in  the  vicinity. 
The  Territorial  University  is  here,  and  it  was  formerly 
the  capital.  Its  elevation  being  more  than  double  that  of 
Phoenix,  it  is  somewhat  cooler,  and,  as  there  is  next  to  no 
irrigation  near  it,  the  air  is  a  little  drier.  Phoenix  is  in  the 
center  of  the  greatest  irrigation  in  the  Territory.  The 
country  for  miles  around  smiles  with  green  fields,  covered 
with  almost  countless  herds  of  cattle,  and  it  is  everywhere 
shut  in  by  low  mountains.  It  is  the  Territorial  capital 
with  a  fine  capitol  building  now  nearing  completion,  and 
has  the  Government  Indian  School,  the  Territorial 
Lunatic  Asylum,  and  other  institutions,  and  is  the  general 
focus  for  the  Territory.  Like  Tucson,  it  has  its  occa- 
sional wind  and  sand  storm — perhaps  not  quite  so  often. 
At  either  place  visitors  who  know  how  to  adapt  them- 
selves to  circumstances  can  be  entirely  comfortable,  and 
in  each  they  will  find  an  intelligent,  orderly,  enterprising 
and  most  hospitable  community.  They  will  find  a  country 
full  of  mines,  full  of  rich  agricultural  lands,  abounding  in 
cattle  and  horses,  in  vineyards  and  orchards,  and  the 
beginnings  of  very  successful  orange  groves — a  country, 
in  fact,  as  full  of  promise  for  hardy  and  adventurous  men 
now  as  California  was  in  the  fifties.  Above  all,  if  it  has 
been  their  lot  to  search  for  health  in  far-off  countries,  they 
will  revel  in  the  luxury  of  being  in  their  own  land,  among 
their  own  countrymen,  within  easy  reach  of  their  friends 
by  telegraph  or  rail,  and  in  a  climate  as  good  of  its  kind 
as  any  in  the  world. — Whitelaw  Reid  in  "Tribune,"  De- 
cember 2,  1896. 


o 

n 


B- 


w    - 

§ 


RS 


I   w* 

w  ft 

Is 


£>  2 

I  s 

1  I 

cr  • 


Of 
00 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


M317968 


